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Payments Regulation in Asia
Each country profile will cover the following elements:
PAYMENTS MIX BY COUNTRY
The payments mix of each country will be shaped by demographic, market, and regulatory trends. The mix of payments for a given country will also factor into the total costs each merchant pays to accept payments. On average, for example, a merchant whose payments mix is mostly comprised of credit card spending will pay more than a merchant with primarily debit card customers. This section reviews in-store and online spending patterns by country and presents each country’s payments mix alongside regulatory interventions shifting customer spend.
PUBLIC RESOURCES FOR COST ANALYSIS
Card Fees Paid by Country
Utilizing the sources above, the following data can be extracted. The analysis below highlights trends in publicly available costs, covering, where published, costs by payment method, channel, and network by country.
Competition With the Card Market
Some central banks have developed sophisticated interbank payments solutions which, in some cases, have exhibited explosive growth, particularly in countries with low card payment penetration. In countries with higher-levels of card penetration, these solutions have failed to replicate the high growth seen in low card-penetration markets. Below also follows a review of some private and public sector interventions aimed at generating competition with card payments for each country in scope.
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